Running head African-American Studies.
Historically, black colleges and universities (HBCUs) enroll over 370,000 students and see them through graduate courses, a significant figure of all African American graduates. Despite the fact that they make up only three percent of the total 3,688 institutions of higher learning in the country, 105 HBCUs produce close to 23 of all bachelors degree, 13 of the total masters degree, 20 of the entire first professional degrees that African America earn annually (Sims, 2006, p.27). Black colleges have made significant contributions to the consistent rise of black intellectuals, creative artist and professionals who are seen in the entire American society. Female students account for over sixty one percent of all HBCU students and have been found to have a higher likelihood of graduating and filling leadership positions than their male counterparts.
When Wanda Jacobs was still in high school, she decided to pursue a career in newspaper since she foresaw her stories enlightening and educating readers. The native from New Orleans probably never dreamt that one day she would be the first African American female publisher of a daily newspaper, an appointment that would mark the biggest challenge in her career. Jacobs said that one of the ways in which she tackled this challenge was by showing strong leadership skills to her subordinates and thus gaining their confidence (Brown, Freeman, 2004, p.13). By participating in community service, it made the occupants of Jackson County to notice her which was essential in facilitating her transition. In addition to making excellent hiring decisions, she found herself working with a team that was knowledgeable and capable of helping and advising her.
After she earned her journalism degree, she left Northwestern State University and was employed by Times-Picayune Publishing Corp on Oct. 2, 1979. Her mentor was Ashton Phelps Jr. and by the time she left on Oct. 1, 1992, she was a retail advertising manager of a team of eight people. Currently, she manages over ninety one employees. Jacobs said that taking a course in Laubach Action Course, a program for literacy training designed to equip and train people to become teachers of illiterate adults was a huge accomplishment, and she is still a member of Jackson County Literacy Council.
According to Harper Wooden (2009), studies show that African American attending HBCUs tend to finish their undergraduate courses with higher frequencies than their counterparts in white institutions, (p.5). They are more satisfied with their college experience high self esteem, more self efficacy in academic issues and stronger likelihood for achievement. After twenty years as an investment banker, Pamela G. Carlton, the co-founder and president of Springboard, created the institution to focus on the minority groups that have been neglected in their careers because of their low training. Carlton retired from the U.S. Equity Research at JPMorgan Chase after serving as its managing director. Her mission was to serve and make significant contribution to several professions by developing leadership programs especially to women and people of color.
In his argument Tarrell (2008) has stated that Springboard offered development and leadership training for people and companies through a series of workshops that were customized for people at various stages of their career (p.21). Carlton says that people of color are enthusiastic as they begin their careers but lose morale as hey get absorbed into the corporate culture. In addition, women have been accustomed to working hard and keeping their heads low which limits them from advancing in their professions.
Majority of historical text say that Civil Right Movement in America occurred between 1955 and 1968. Before this period, black women were actively involved in civic action. Ella Becker was an African American woman who graduated from Black Shaw University and Mary McLeod Bethune, founded the historical Black Bethune-Cookman University. Both women were extremely vocal in fighting for the civil rights of African American in the early 1900s. Wells-Barnett, a pioneer journalist, who went to Black Rust and Fisk universities, in here works, exposed the details of lynching of black people in the south in early 1900s.
In their research study, Herdlein and Cali (2008) established that the participation of women in the civil movement was of great significance as the number of those involved. Women were responsible for attracting support from the rural blacks (p.10). Despite exclusion from senior positions, their participation brought a sense of empowerment. Bernice Reagon, a female graduate from Albany state college wrote that there was a feeling of power in areas that made you feel powerless, like in streets, jails and the police. She participated in the movement, sang with the freedom singers, and compared her involvement in the movement to a confidence builder. This is a story that is not uncommon, but it isnt commonly told. Many African American women who participated in the movement were given background roles as a result of sexism and racism (Harper, Wooden, 2009, p.16).
Known for providing educational opportunities of African Americans, Mary McLeod Bethune became the founder of National Council of Negro Women, and the president of National Council of Colored Women. She worked as a New Deal government official and served in the twenty high level offices held by women, and the highest held by an African American woman. She was instrumental in establishing FDRs black cabinets, and served as an educator and a racial rights activist. She graduated for Scotia Seminary based in North Carolina and worked as a teacher in several Presbyterian schools where she endeavored in uplifting the academic participation of the girl child (Davis, 2000, p.9). In 1936 she played a significant role in establishing the Federal Committee on Fair Employment Practice that was essential in limiting discrimination of African Americans in the defense industry. In here final years, Bethune continued to advocate for equality in education and hiring fields and against segregation in areas of public accommodations.
Known to be among the first two or three African American women to receive a doctorate degree in mathematics, Marjorie Lee Browne was educated in Lemoyne high school for blacks and Howard University in 1935. She proceeded to Michigan University for her masters and PhD studies in mathematics in 1939. She was an educator who made huge contributions in the field of mathematics, starting at Gilbert academy in New Orleans. From 1950 to 1975, she chaired the mathematics department in North Carolina College. She contributed in combinatory and differential topology in Cambridge and Columbia universities between 1952 and 1966 (Brown, Freeman, 2004, p.103). Marjorie is remembered for writing a grant to the computer firm-IBM requesting them to bring college computers in 1960. They were the first computers in the college at that time, and probably the only computers at any historical African American college.
When Wanda Jacobs was still in high school, she decided to pursue a career in newspaper since she foresaw her stories enlightening and educating readers. The native from New Orleans probably never dreamt that one day she would be the first African American female publisher of a daily newspaper, an appointment that would mark the biggest challenge in her career. Jacobs said that one of the ways in which she tackled this challenge was by showing strong leadership skills to her subordinates and thus gaining their confidence (Brown, Freeman, 2004, p.13). By participating in community service, it made the occupants of Jackson County to notice her which was essential in facilitating her transition. In addition to making excellent hiring decisions, she found herself working with a team that was knowledgeable and capable of helping and advising her.
After she earned her journalism degree, she left Northwestern State University and was employed by Times-Picayune Publishing Corp on Oct. 2, 1979. Her mentor was Ashton Phelps Jr. and by the time she left on Oct. 1, 1992, she was a retail advertising manager of a team of eight people. Currently, she manages over ninety one employees. Jacobs said that taking a course in Laubach Action Course, a program for literacy training designed to equip and train people to become teachers of illiterate adults was a huge accomplishment, and she is still a member of Jackson County Literacy Council.
According to Harper Wooden (2009), studies show that African American attending HBCUs tend to finish their undergraduate courses with higher frequencies than their counterparts in white institutions, (p.5). They are more satisfied with their college experience high self esteem, more self efficacy in academic issues and stronger likelihood for achievement. After twenty years as an investment banker, Pamela G. Carlton, the co-founder and president of Springboard, created the institution to focus on the minority groups that have been neglected in their careers because of their low training. Carlton retired from the U.S. Equity Research at JPMorgan Chase after serving as its managing director. Her mission was to serve and make significant contribution to several professions by developing leadership programs especially to women and people of color.
In his argument Tarrell (2008) has stated that Springboard offered development and leadership training for people and companies through a series of workshops that were customized for people at various stages of their career (p.21). Carlton says that people of color are enthusiastic as they begin their careers but lose morale as hey get absorbed into the corporate culture. In addition, women have been accustomed to working hard and keeping their heads low which limits them from advancing in their professions.
Majority of historical text say that Civil Right Movement in America occurred between 1955 and 1968. Before this period, black women were actively involved in civic action. Ella Becker was an African American woman who graduated from Black Shaw University and Mary McLeod Bethune, founded the historical Black Bethune-Cookman University. Both women were extremely vocal in fighting for the civil rights of African American in the early 1900s. Wells-Barnett, a pioneer journalist, who went to Black Rust and Fisk universities, in here works, exposed the details of lynching of black people in the south in early 1900s.
In their research study, Herdlein and Cali (2008) established that the participation of women in the civil movement was of great significance as the number of those involved. Women were responsible for attracting support from the rural blacks (p.10). Despite exclusion from senior positions, their participation brought a sense of empowerment. Bernice Reagon, a female graduate from Albany state college wrote that there was a feeling of power in areas that made you feel powerless, like in streets, jails and the police. She participated in the movement, sang with the freedom singers, and compared her involvement in the movement to a confidence builder. This is a story that is not uncommon, but it isnt commonly told. Many African American women who participated in the movement were given background roles as a result of sexism and racism (Harper, Wooden, 2009, p.16).
Known for providing educational opportunities of African Americans, Mary McLeod Bethune became the founder of National Council of Negro Women, and the president of National Council of Colored Women. She worked as a New Deal government official and served in the twenty high level offices held by women, and the highest held by an African American woman. She was instrumental in establishing FDRs black cabinets, and served as an educator and a racial rights activist. She graduated for Scotia Seminary based in North Carolina and worked as a teacher in several Presbyterian schools where she endeavored in uplifting the academic participation of the girl child (Davis, 2000, p.9). In 1936 she played a significant role in establishing the Federal Committee on Fair Employment Practice that was essential in limiting discrimination of African Americans in the defense industry. In here final years, Bethune continued to advocate for equality in education and hiring fields and against segregation in areas of public accommodations.
Known to be among the first two or three African American women to receive a doctorate degree in mathematics, Marjorie Lee Browne was educated in Lemoyne high school for blacks and Howard University in 1935. She proceeded to Michigan University for her masters and PhD studies in mathematics in 1939. She was an educator who made huge contributions in the field of mathematics, starting at Gilbert academy in New Orleans. From 1950 to 1975, she chaired the mathematics department in North Carolina College. She contributed in combinatory and differential topology in Cambridge and Columbia universities between 1952 and 1966 (Brown, Freeman, 2004, p.103). Marjorie is remembered for writing a grant to the computer firm-IBM requesting them to bring college computers in 1960. They were the first computers in the college at that time, and probably the only computers at any historical African American college.
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